Long-Term Impact of the Continuous Use of Organic Manures on Crop and Soil Productivity under Maize–Potato–Onion Cropping Systems

The scarcity of fertilizers and their rising costs are significant barriers to crop production, as the current agricultural situation in India has shown. In maize–potato–onion cropping systems, impact various organic treatments on yields soil parameters shown that increased maize, potato onion compared chemical treatment (recommended dose fertilizers) alone. Treatments with applications different sources, each equivalent 1/3 recommended N, along intercropping soybeans radishes potatoes coriander onions, gave highest yield maize crops, positive trends were observed four (T1, T2, T4 T6). Interestingly, all showed a effect yields, clearly summarizing onions being more stable crops than maize. Further, best characteristics, viz., bulk density resistance under treatment, lower those found integrated treatments. contrast, soil’s water-holding capacity, aggregate infiltration rate followed reverse trend. (T3), which grown an inter-row energy-use efficiency, energy output efficiency productivity.